Remember those textbook questions at the very end of the chapter that were never assigned because your teacher wanted you to complete the multiple choice and true-and-false and fill-in-the-blank questions “first”?
The questions were always under headings like “Extend Your Knowledge” or “Display your Learning” or “Digging Deeper,” or something similar. Those questions always intrigued me, first off because we never got to them and I always wondered why. (Sort of like the last chapters of the book: Poor chapter 26. You look like fun, but we won’t get to you this year.) I also was intrigued because those questions, at least to me, were a lot more interesting than the ones that merely required me to look up the answer a few pages back.
Instead of answering questions like “What cities did the United States drop an atomic bomb on to end the war with Japan?” (look back four pages, there is the answer) the Extend Your Knowledge questions asked questions like “Was President Truman correct in ordering the Army to drop the atomic bomb on Japan? Defend your answer.”
That kind of question had some meat to it. I could answer any way I wanted to and still be correct. All I had to do was make an argument that supported my position! I had to understand the information AND I had to make a decision on my own! That was a question! It had meat, it had ethical dilemmas, it actually asked me what I thought about something instead of just asking me to be a human copy machine.
Alas, we rarely got to those questions unless we finished ahead of the other students and were assigned them as punishment for being precocious. We learned early on that being fast was a bad thing, so we learned the skill of taking our time and doing the low level cognitive questions slowly enough to match the teacher’s (and the bell’s) rhythm. Every year, in every class, in every discipline.
Years and years of low level questions, followed by low level questioning on tests. That carried into college as well, because the same companies that wrote the K12 textbooks were writing the college texts. Don’t believe that this is still happening? Check out this End of Chapter page from an Anatomy and Physiology college text from Pearson. The really good questions, squeezed over in the corner, are called “Critical Thinking.” Some things die hard.
Jumping to the end of the chapter
Years later, after I grew up and when I was getting my bearings as a middle school science teacher, those “think” questions started to come back to my mind as I was assigning work to my students.
Nothing had changed in the textbooks. The low level questions were first at the end of the chapter, and the higher ordered skills questions were always just outside the time window of the class. That bothered me a lot because I could tell that, given the time, even the most challenged of my students were able to complete the multiple-choice and true-or-false and fill-in-the-blank questions without producing much brain sweat.
So I started making an effort to ask my students the kinds of questions found at the end of the chapter. I would assign those questions first or I would create my own when the ones in the book didn’t dig deep enough. One I remember in particular came about during a unit on genetics. I posed the following dilemma to my 8th graders:
“You are medical doctor and a genetics counselor. You have been referred by an obstetrician a couple that has a later-in-life pregnancy and asked to perform an amniocentesis to make sure there are no genetic issues with the baby. The results come back and you find that the baby tested positive for an autosomal recessive disorder (ARD), a condition that is passed along to the child when both the mother and father have the mutated gene. However, you note that the father is not a carrier of the gene. As a genetic counselor, do you tell both the wife and the husband or just the wife of the child’s condition?”
WOW! You should have seen the reactions that middle school kids had to that question. I had a battle of the sexes break out right in front of me. Women’s rights! Men’s rights! Baby rights! What was the law? Who had the right to know about this? (For anyone who hasn’t quite figured out why the question would cause a controversy, the husband could not have been the father of the child because he didn’t carry the gene.)
That was a great question because it not only required students to know about recessive and dominant genes and how genetic material is passed from generation to generation, it involved science applied in the “real world” and a moral dilemma that had to be solved. An ethical consideration if you will, just like the Truman/Atomic Bomb question over in the history classroom. It was messy learning: there was no “correct” answer. Students had to justify their answers based on a rubric.
Did those kids remember that genetics unit. You bet they did. Years later, I had some former students come up to me and remind me of the arguments that took place in that class!
Problem vs. Project Based Learning
Perhaps that experience is part of the reason why I am more drawn to Problem Based Learning that I am to Project Based Learning. The two teaching strategies are often talked about interchangeably, and Wikipedia offers the same acronym for both: PBL. For my purposes, I’m going to refer to Problem Based Learning as PrBL and Project Based Learning as PBL. One obvious difference in the two approaches has to do with the “hands-on” aspects of PBL, which can easily overshadow the dilemmas that are characteristic of true problem-solving.
When I first started exploring Problem Based Learning back in the early 1990’s, following the works of Bill Stepien and Shelagh Gallagher and the IMSA school in Illinois, I was immediately drawn to the messiness of the PrBL questions. Instead of having pre-defined outcomes as in so much PROJECT based learning (we build a bridge), students have to think more about real-life outcomes associated with the PROBLEM (where should the bridge be built, what kind of bridge should go there?). Instead of just thinking in terms of the bridge as the end product, students in Problem Based units would also consider the ethical dilemmas of where the bridge should go. Who would be affected? What are the environmental or financial impacts? Is a bridge the best answer? Maybe there are other solutions.
Problem Based Learning puts kids into real, adult roles. The PrBL situations require a teacher to be a true facilitator (something Gary Stager hates to even think about, by the way, but that’s another blog entry).
Life is messy, and so are well-constructed PrBL units. Most problems that we come across in life — in work, in politics, in religion, in our families — have no single correct answer. Think of the last true problem you had to solve in your life. Who should I vote for? What house should I buy? Who should I marry? What church should I attend? What car is best for me? American, Chinese or Italian tonight? There was no ONE CORRECT answer. There were probably multiple correct answers, some more correct than others maybe,
Good PrBL units are drawn from the headlines or real life situations. Finding the problem is easy. Writing a good Problem Based Learning unit takes time and effort.
Some are trying. In their LifePractice PBL concept, Kevin Honeycutt and Ginger Lewman have sets of PBL cards that mash up Problem and Project Based learning — hands-on projects built around “driving questions.” While the mashup can be confusing (is it Problem or Project), the idea is good. You need to start somewhere.
PrBL and PBL units take time – I get that
Before you dismiss this post as the ramblings of an out-of-touch central office administrator who doesn’t understand the demands of standards-based teaching in a high stakes testing era, let me lay your worries aside: I get it.
– I get it that a good PrBL will take time to teach. Units often take more time than “traditional” lessons.
– I get it that PrBL is harder to grade because there is typically no single correct answer (think, rubric).
– I get it that you have kids working on different things at the same time, and that whole-class teaching gets thrown out the window.
– I get it that kids who have never been exposed to PrBL (or PBL) probably won’t “get it” at first and might rebel against a teaching technique that requires them to work as hard as the teacher.
– I get it that you have to trust that kids will be able to make the connections from the PrBL unit to the standardized tests.
– I get it that involving “ethics” in a curricula is a risky proposition. Some people have issues with ethics in schools.
I get all of it.
But we need to collectively get this as well:
– Society has been calling for a revolution in education for some time now. Problem Based Learning can provide a major chunk of that revolutionary change.
– We have been calling for teaching techniques that easily assimilate 21st century skills into lessons. PrBL allows for easily integrating 21st century skills.
– We’re being told that succeeding with Common Core standards requires critical thinking and problem-solving. Note the “p” word.
– We need to start thinking about ways of flipping the classroom that truly means flipping the way we teach — not just having kids watch videos at night.
Let’s face it. For generations, we have almost completely bypassed the development of true problem solving skills in our curricula. Now it’s something that the “real world” is clamoring for us to incorporate into our lessons. (How many times have heard the phrase “We need problem solvers!”) And it’s something that’s likely going to be incorporated in the testing, not very far down the road.
We have also left out ethical considerations in curricula. It’s not about telling kids what to think. It’s about getting them TO think when it comes to issues of right and wrong. This, I think, is a goal that Problem Based Learning can readily help us reach.
I think we need to start flipping those questions at the end of the chapters. Let’s work up the courage to teach the hard stuff.
Tim Holt
Latest posts by Tim Holt (see all)
- Problem-Based Learning: Our Brains Abhor Cliffhangers - June 6, 2013
- The Ultimate Education Reform: Messy Learning & Problem Solving - April 19, 2013
- Why Problem-Based Learning Is Better - January 10, 2013
Thanks for the mention, Tim. Kevin and I believe that in great classrooms, often the same question can be directed toward either Project-Based or Problem-Based, depending upon the needs of the learners and/or teachers. Additionally, the same question/problem can be utilized at nearly any age group as well as with as much or as little technology as the school has.
The point is that good teaching isn’t corralled by forms, checklists, rules of conduct, and how-to directives. It’s organic and can be shifted when and where the interest and need arises.
Ginger,
you are so right about teaching. My feeling about PBL (PROBLEM) is that it is a great tool that was kind of shifted off to the side just as it was getting traction back in the mid to late 90s because of the tectonic shift of standardized testing.
So, I have made it a personal quest to reintroduce PBL in whatever way I can. It is a great tool, and coupled with a great teacher and 21st century tools it moves from great to amazing.
Hi, Tim,
Thanks so much for your thoughtful essay. I’ve shared it with our faculty and posted it on our FB page.
What you’re describing above sounds a great deal like what we call humane education (teaching students about global ethical issues, and providing them with the knowledge, tools (such as critical thinking, creativity, & problem solving) & motivation to become solutionaries for a better world).
I thought you might enjoy finding out more about how we address this work by watching this TEDx talk by our co-founder & president, Zoe Weil: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=t5HEV96dIuY
We agree with you that it’s time for a revolution in education, and we’re so happy to see more conversations like this happening.
Thanks!
Marsha,
thanks for the reply.
I wonder what the process is for getting these ideas back into curriculum? In our area, we have schools that have “Character Counts” type lessons, but they seem to be removed from the actual curriculum…
Tim
Hear! Hear! What you’re talking about is getting at the heart of “learning” — Problem-Based Learning provides the environment and context for learners to engage in intellectual discourse, critical thinking, collaboration, and all those other “21st Century” skills. I particularly resonate with your statement that we need to flip the way we’re teaching — as some math teachers have explained: watching the lecture at home the night before isn’t a “flip,” it’s a “slide” — those are 2 different types of transformations! Keep up the advocacy! (I’m the Program Director for Problem-Based Learning at IMSA — and appreciate your shout-out!)
When I first started seeing things about flipping the classroom, I really thought about problem-based learning. How could we put problem-based learning into a flipped classroom environment? This is something that I’m really looking into something that really interests me as well as how can we integrate the 21st century skills into problem-based learning as well?
Thanks for keeping the conversation going!
“Teaching kids HOW to think, not what to think” is the Future Problem Solving Program International (FPSPI) motto!!
Founded by creativity pioneer, Dr. E. Paul Torrance, FPSPI stimulates critical and creative thinking skills, encourages students to develop a vision for the future, and prepares students for leadership roles.
FPSPI engages students in creative problem solving within the curriculum and provides competitive opportunities.
Visit http://www.fpspi.org for more information and to find a program in your area!!
April,
how do we get those future problem-solving programs into more schools? Especially in this era of high stakes testing? I would love to hear your ideas.
Tim
Great post! Two things come to mind. First, the issue of problem based learning, indeed, Greg, as you note in a response above, was pushed to the side due to the shift to standardized testing.
A few more areas in which PrBL thrives would be in places such as: forensics (speech and debate) where resolutions such as “The possession of nuclear weapons is immoral” or “Rehabilitation ought to be valued above retribution in the American criminal justice system” are routinely debated; in programs such as the Touchstones Discussion Program (touchstones.org); as well as in the work of groups like the d.school K-12 initiative (http://dschool.stanford.edu/k12/) and the IDSA’s (Industrial Designers of America) K-12 education initiative (http://www.idsa.org/k-12-design) where students are challenged to find their own problems to solve within given areas, devise solutions, test them, iterate them, and participate, essentially, in real-world, relevant problem finding and solving.
You’re right to note that it takes time, can be messy, and all the caveats you reveal above.
Garreth,
Thank you for keeping the conversation going.
I sometimes wonder if we have turned learning into “as much as we can in as short a period of time as we can” or in the old terms curriculum that is a mile wide and an inch deep.
I wish we could somehow get to back into a more deliberate way of teaching and learning.
Tim
On-target article! Will be sharing with interns and new teachers as we develop instructional plans with a focus on higher order questioning. You may also be interested in checking out “Thinking Maps” (www.thinkingmaps.com) which facilitate individual and shared inquiry via visual tools that help create a common language for thinking and encourage students to “frame their thinking” – getting students to think with more than one persepctive in mind. Thanks for sharing!
Hi Chris, it’s great to hear from you!
I love the idea of thinking maps, as well as just any kind of visual learning tools for kids. I’m a big fan of inspiration software, I’m a big fan of visual learning, and right now I’m thinking about ways to take those God awful interactive journals and move them into the 21st century. If somebody says foldable’s to me one more time I’m going to slap them!
Thanks for sharing and joining in on the conversation.
Tim
Any learning that takes the emphasis away from the teacher and places the nous on the learner to enquire is great. Good Project Based Learning is as enquiry based as you posit PrBL; it is not about ‘build a bridge’ but asks learners to find a solution to a driving question with an authentic outcome. For example, I am currently asking my learners what a 21st century classroom is – they must research this, survey and design. Their designs must then be pitched to SLT who have said they will implement a design that enhances the teaching and learning of our community!
Hi Holly, thanks for the feedback.
I do not dispute that some Project Based Learning is as you described. And that is good. However, from what I have seen In GENERAL, project based learning starts with the end already determined. In the case of your 21st Century Class, the end point was known from the beginning. The kids all will end up with the same TYPE of answer. That is neither good nor bad, it is just the nature of project based learning. The end is already known, which really is not very life like. Most problems in life are ill-structured or messy. The end is not determined ahead of time, Most big problems also have some kind of ethical consideration as well, something I have almost never seen in Project Based Learning, but almost always see in Problem based learning. I have just completed a follow up to this article and have submitted it for approval here in VFLR. I hope to keep the PBL PrBL conversation alive here.
Thanks again!
Tim
Great app for the Ipad just for this: PBLE.
I looked at this app and put it on my iPad. It is a good place to get ideas for units!
I also like the news as a primary problem based learning source!
Tim
I love this post, Tim! I remember those text book questions that were never assigned very well; I became a teacher so I could throw out the text books and create PrBL opportunities for my students.
Hi Tim,
I have just stumbled on this website and totally inspired by your post, professional discussions and passion. I too remember those extension questions – given to the really clever children in the class. Maybe there was an assumption made by teachers that in order to “think” students had to be academically high achievers. Interestingly, I have observed the more opportunities (all) children are given to “think” within their learning, the more they improve academically!
I support your opinion 100% ! For many years Tec de Monterrey has been guiding high school students towards Problem Solving and Decision Making practice through a course called : “Cognitive Development” ( Dr. Margarita Sanchez et al.), with the main objective of leading students to transfer the techniques of the methodology to the study of the other subjects in the curricula.
I’ve been trained to teach the four modules of the course, and have done so for quite some time. This semester I’m currently teaching Ethics and Critical Thinking at Tec de Monterrey Prep School, El Paso.
I’m directly colaborating in the of AdvancED accreditation process, and have had the plesure of working with Marsha since the beginning of the project.
I’m looking forward to meeting you March 4. Thank you so much for accepting Marsha’s ivitation to be part of the AdvanceED External Review Committee.
Amanda